The Evaluation of Leadership Styles and their Effects on Employee Attitude: Evidence from a Manufacturing Company in South Eastern Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems3230Keywords:
Employee attitude; Democratic leadership; Transactional leadership; Autocratic leadership; Transformational leadershipAbstract
Leadership styles are widely acknowledged as a fundamental factor in determining organizational success, influencing the performance of employees and the overall organizational culture. How leaders manage their teams can greatly impact employee attitudes, motivation, and behaviours, affecting productivity, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Using an online survey, this quantitative study employed data collected from 373 staff members at a Manufacturing Company in Southeast Nigeria. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Correlation and regression analyzes were conducted to test the relationship and impact among the variables. The findings highlighted the positive influence of democratic, transactional, autocratic, and transformational leadership on employee attitude. Furthermore, significant values were obtained for the correlation and effect between the constructs (p < 0.05). Therefore, adopting a multiple approach is recommended in leadership, rather than a singular style when dealing with employees in an organization.
References
Abdelmoula, M., Chakroun, W., & Akrout, F. (2015). The effect of sample size and the number of items on reliability coefficients: Alpha and rho: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Numerical Methods and Applications, 13(1), 1-20.
Adamopoulos, I. P. (2022). Job satisfaction in public health care sector, measures scales and theoretical background. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 6(2), em0116.
Addin, N. A. H. T. (2020). The relationship between the leadership and organizational performance a review. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology, 7(11), 120-128.
Al Harbi, J. A., Alarifi, S., & Mosbah, A. (2019). Transformation leadership and creativity: Effects of employees pyschological empowerment and intrinsic motivation. Personnel Review, 48(5), 1082-1099.
Al Rahbi, D., Khalid, K., & Khan, M. (2017). The effects of leadership styles on team motivation.
Alanazi, T. R., Alharthey, B. K., & Rasli, A. (2013). Overview of path-goal leadership theory. Sains Humanika, 64(2).
Alanazi, T. R., Alharthey, B. K., & Rasli, A. (2013). Overview of path-goal leadership theory. Sains Humanika, 64(2).
Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees’ motivation and its influence job satisfaction. Ali, BJ, & Anwar, G.(2021). An Empirical Study of Employees’ Motivation and its Influence Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21-30.
Altheeb, S. A. (2020). Leadership Style and Employee Motivation: A Study of Saudi Arabian Work Environment. Journal of Educational Psychology-Propositos y Representaciones, 8.
Amanchukwu, R. N., Stanley, G. J., & Ololube, N. P. (2015). A review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational management. Management, 5(1), 6-14.
Asrar-ul-Haq, M., & Kuchinke, K. P. (2016). Impact of leadership styles on employees’ attitude towards their leader and performance: Empirical evidence from Pakistani banks. Future Business Journal, 2(1), 54-64.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The leadership quarterly, 6(2), 199-218.
Basar, Z. M., Mansor, A. N., & Hamid, A. H. A. (2021). The role of transformational leadership in addressing job satisfaction issues among secondary school teachers. Creative Education, 12(8), 1939-1948.
Basit, A., Sebastian, V., & Hassan, Z. (2017). Impact of leadership style on employee performance (A Case study on a private organization in Malaysia). International Journal of Accounting & Business Management, 5(2), 112-130.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2010). The transformational model of leadership. Leading organizations: Perspectives for a new era, 2(1), 76-86.
Belkin, L. Y., Becker, W. J., & Conroy, S. A. (2020). The invisible leash: The impact of organizational expectations for email monitoring after-hours on employee resources, well-being, and turnover intentions. Group & Organization Management, 45(5), 709-740.
Belsky, J. (2017). A Quantitative Examination of the Relationship between Leadership Style and Employee Job Satisfaction in Registered Nurses in the Pittsburgh MSA Region. Liberty University.
Bowers, E. K. A. (2019). Transformational Leadership An Analysis of Effects on Employee Well-Being. Journal of Integrated Studies, 11(1).
Brahim, A. B., Ridic, O., & Jukic, T. (2015). The effect of transactional leadership on employees performance-case study of 5 Algerian banking institutions. Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, 13(2), 7-20.
Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International journal of hospitality management, 77, 64-75.
Burns Jr, W. A. (2017). A Descriptive Literature Review of Harmful Leadership Styles: Definitions, Commonalities, Measurements, Negative Impacts, and Ways to Improve These Harmful Leadership Styles. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 3(1), 33-52.
Burns, H., Diamond-Vaught, H., & Bauman, C. (2015). Leadership for sustainability: Theoretical foundations and pedagogical practices that foster change. International Journal of Leadership Studies.
Caillier, J. G. (2020). Testing the influence of autocratic leadership, democratic leadership, and public service motivation on citizen ratings of an agency head’s performance. Public Performance & Management Review, 43(4), 918-941.
Charter, R. A. (2003). Study samples are too small to produce sufficiently precise reliability coefficients. The Journal of General Psychology, 130(2), 117-129.
Chukwusa, J. (2018). Autocratic leadership style: Obstacle to success in academic libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1.
Chukwusa, J. (2019). Perceived democratic leadership style of university librarians and library staff work attitude. Library Philosophy and Practice, 0_1-23.
Cooper, C. L., & Cartwright, S. (2018). Healthy Mind; Healthy Organization—A Proactive Approach to Occupational Stress 1. In Managerial, occupational and organizational stress research (pp. 595-611). Routledge.
Copeland, M. K. (2014). The emerging significance of values based leadership: A literature review. International journal of leadership studies, 8(2), 105.
Cote, R. (2017). Vision of effective leadership. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(6), 1-10.
DeArmond, S., Bass, B. I., Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P., & Moore, J. T. (2018). Leadership and safety: The role of goal commitment. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 5(2), 182-198.
Ejimabo, N. O. (2015). The influence of decision making in organizational leadership and management activities. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 4(2), 2222-2839.
Erenel, F. (2015). The effect of path-goal leadership styles on work group performance: A research on jewellery industry in Istanbul. Journal of Management Marketing and Logistics, 2(4).
Ezeador, C. N., & Okpara, G. C. (2023). PHILOSOPHY AS A PANACEA FOR BUILDING RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP FOR STRONG EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA. PHILOSOPHIA POLITICA, 2(1).
Fiaz, M., Su, Q., Ikram, A., & Saqib, A. (2017). LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEES’MOTIVATION: PERSPECTIVE FROM AN EMERGING ECONOMY. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 143-156.
Gathungu, E. W., Iravo, D. M. A., & Namusonge, G. S. (2015). Transformational leadership and employee’s commitment: empirical review. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(7), 1-7.
Grint, K., Jones, O. S., Holt, C., & Storey, J. (2016). What is leadership? The Routledge companion to leadership, 3-20.
Hamidifar, F. (2010). A study of the relationship between leadership styles and employee job satisfaction at IAU in Tehran, Iran. Au-GSB e-Journal, 3(1).
Hamstra, M. R., Van Yperen, N. W., Wisse, B., & Sassenberg, K. (2014). Transformational and transactional leadership and followers’ achievement goals. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 413-425.
Hannah, S. T., Perez, A. L., Lester, P. B., & Quick, J. C. (2020). Bolstering workplace psychological well-being through transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 27(3), 222-240.
Haryanto, H., Suharman, H., Koeswayo, P. S., & Umar, H. (2022). Enhancing Employee Engagement in Indonesian Logistics and Forwarders Industry: The Moderating Role of a Democratic Leadership Style. Economies, 10(11), 284.
Henkel, T. G., Marion Jr, J. W., & Bourdeau, D. T. (2019). Project manager leadership behavior: Task-oriented versus relationship-oriented. Journal of Leadership Education, 18(2), 1.
Hilton, S. K., Arkorful, H., & Martins, A. (2021). Democratic leadership and organizational performance: the moderating effect of contingent reward. Management Research Review, 44(7), 1042-1058.
House, R. J. (1971). A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative science quarterly, 321-339.
House, R. J., & Mitchell, T. R. (1975). Path goal theory of leadership (pp. 75-67). Faculty of Management Studies, University of Toronto.
Ibrahim, A. U., & Daniel, C. O. (2019). Impact of leadership on organisational performance. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Research, 6(2), 367-374.
Iszatt-White, M., & Saunders, C. (2017). Leadership. Oxford University Press.
Kalu Dolly, C., & Okpokwasili Nonyelum, P. (2018). Impact of autocratic leadership style on job performance of subordinates in academic libraries in port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 6(10), 212-220.
Khuwaja, U., Ahmed, K., Abid, G., Adeel, A., & Wanasika, I. (2020). Leadership and employee attitudes: The mediating role of perception of organizational politics. Cogent Business & Management, 7 (1), 1–21.
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2020). Empowering leadership: leading people to be present through affective organizational commitment?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(16), 2017-2044.
Lahiri, K., Indrasena, B. S. H., & Aylott, J. (2021). Unprecedented times in the emergency department: are “board rounds” and leadership the missing links to improve patient flow?. Leadership in Health Services, 35(1), 74-90.
Lewin, M. A. (2014). Kurt Lewin: His psychology and a daughter's recollections. In Portraits of pioneers in psychology (pp. 105-118). Psychology Press.
Li, Z., Gupta, B., Loon, M., & Casimir, G. (2016). Combinative aspects of leadership style and emotional intelligence. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(1), 107-125.
Litano, M. L., & Major, D. A. (2016). Facilitating a whole-life approach
to career development: The role of organizational leadership. Journal of Career Development, 43(1), 52-65.
Lord, R. G., Day, D. V., Zaccaro, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Eagly, A. H. (2017). Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 434.
Luqman, R., Fatima, S., Ahmed, S., Khalid, I., & Bhatti, A. (2020). The impact of autocratic leadership style on counterproductive work behavior: the mediating role of employee commitment and moderating role of emotional exhaustion. Pollster Journal of Academic Research, 6(01), 22-47.
Lussier, B., Grégoire, Y., & Vachon, M. A. (2017). The role of humor usage on creativity, trust and performance in business relationships: An analysis of the salesperson-customer dyad. Industrial Marketing Management, 65, 168-181.
Malik, A. (2019). Creating competitive advantage through source basic capital strategic humanity in the industrial age 4.0. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 4(1), 209-215.
Malik, M. A., & Azmat, S. (2019). Leader and leadership: Historical development of the terms and critical review of literature. Annals of the University of Craiova for Journalism, Communication and Management, 5(1), 16-32.
Malik, S. H. (2013). Relationship between leader behaviors and employees' job satisfaction: A path-goal approach. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 7(1), 209-222.
Manoppo, V. P. (2020). Transformational leadership as a factor that decreases turnover intention: a mediation of work stress and organizational citizenship behavior. The TQM journal, 32(6), 1395-1412.
Maritz, M. (2021). Power in poverty: congregational leadership in a context of poverty (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State).
Martin, W. (2018). Leadership: Outdated theories and emerging non-traditional leadership (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two criteria for good measurements in research: Validity and reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 17(4), 59-82.
Nabella, S. D., Rivaldo, Y., Kurniawan, R., Nurmayunita, N., Sari, D. P., Luran, M. F., & Wulandari, K. (2022). The Influence of Leadership and Organizational Culture Mediated by Organizational Climate on Governance at Senior High School in Batam City. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(5), 119-130.
Paais, M., & Pattiruhu, J. R. (2020). Effect of motivation, leadership, and organizational culture on satisfaction and employee performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(8), 577-588.
Parra, Y. D. (2019). US Workers’ Compensation Program: Policy Issues and State Impact (Doctoral dissertation, University of La Verne).
Purwanto, A., Bernarto, I., Asbari, M., Wijayanti, L. M., & Hyun, C. C. (2020). Effect of transformational and transactional leadership style on public health centre performance. Journal of Research in Business, Economics, and Education, 2(1).
Putnam, H. (1966). What theories are not. In Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics (Vol. 44, pp. 240-251). Elsevier.
Qolo, M. W. (2018). The impact of people-focused leadership style on employee performance in project-based industries in the Cape Metropole (Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology).
Raza, S. A., & Sikandar, A. (2018). Impact of leadership style of teacher on the performance of students: An application of Hersey and Blanchard situational model. Bulletin of Education and Research, 40(3), 73-94.
Rojas, M., Méndez, A., & Watkins-Fassler, K. (2023). The hierarchy of needs empirical examination of Maslow’s theory and lessons for development. World Development, 165, 106185.
Shields, J., & Johns, R. (2016). Managing for engagement. Managing employee performance & reward: Concepts, practices, strategies, 18-52.
Shin, S. J., Yuan, F., & Zhou, J. (2017). When perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior: A sensemaking perspective. Journal of Organizational behavior, 38(1), 68-86.
Sibonde, A. H., & Dassah, M. O. (2021). The relationship between employee motivation and service quality: Case study of a selected municipality in the Western Cape province, South Africa. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 9(1), 12.
Silva, S., & Mendis, B. A. K. M. (2017). Relationship between transformational, transaction and laissez-faire leadership styles and employee commitment. European Journal of Business and Management, 9(7), 13-21.
Tannenbaum, R., & Schmidt, W. H. (2017). How to choose a leadership pattern. In Leadership perspectives (pp. 75-84). Routledge.
Thanh, N. H., & Quang, N. V. (2022). Transformational, transactional, laissez-faire leadership styles and employee engagement: Evidence from Vietnam’s public sector. Sage Open, 12(2), 21582440221094606.
Tzenios, N. (2019). The Impact of Health Literacy on Employee Productivity: An Empirical Investigation. Empirical Quests for Management Essences, 3(1), 21-33.
Ünler, E., & K?l?ç, B. (2019). Paternalistic leadership and employee organizational attitudes: the role of positive/negative affectivity. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019862665.
Veliu, L., Manxhari, M., Demiri, V., & Jahaj, L. (2017). THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON EMPLOYEE'S PERFORMANCE. Management (16487974), 31(2).
Vogelgesang, G. R., Leroy, H., & Avolio, B. J. (2013). The mediating effects of leader integrity with transparency in communication and work engagement/performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(3), 405-413.
Waldan, R. (2020). The effect of Leader Support and Competence to the Organizational Commitment on Employees Performance of Human Resources Development Agency in West Kalimantan. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan (JEBIK), 9(1), 31-49.
Yaslioglu, M. M., & Erden, N. S. (2018). Transformational leaders in action: Theory has been there, but what about practice?. IUP Journal of Business Strategy, 15(1), 42-53.
Zhang, Z., Jia, M., & Gu, L. (2014). Transformational leadership in crisis situations: evidence from the People's Republic of China. In Whither Chinese HRM? (pp. 143-167). Routledge.
Zhu, C. J., & Warner, M. (2019). The emergence of human resource management in China: Convergence, divergence and contextualization. Human Resource Management Review, 29(1), 87-97.
Zill, A., Knoll, M., Cook, A., & Meyer, B. (2020). When do followers compensate for leader silence? The motivating role of leader injustice. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 27(1), 65-79.
Adamopoulos, I. P. (2022). Job satisfaction in public health care sector, measures scales and theoretical background. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 6(2), em0116.
Addin, N. A. H. T. (2020). The relationship between the leadership and organizational performance a review. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology, 7(11), 120-128.
Al Harbi, J. A., Alarifi, S., & Mosbah, A. (2019). Transformation leadership and creativity: Effects of employees pyschological empowerment and intrinsic motivation. Personnel Review, 48(5), 1082-1099.
Al Rahbi, D., Khalid, K., & Khan, M. (2017). The effects of leadership styles on team motivation.
Alanazi, T. R., Alharthey, B. K., & Rasli, A. (2013). Overview of path-goal leadership theory. Sains Humanika, 64(2).
Alanazi, T. R., Alharthey, B. K., & Rasli, A. (2013). Overview of path-goal leadership theory. Sains Humanika, 64(2).
Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An empirical study of employees’ motivation and its influence job satisfaction. Ali, BJ, & Anwar, G.(2021). An Empirical Study of Employees’ Motivation and its Influence Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21-30.
Altheeb, S. A. (2020). Leadership Style and Employee Motivation: A Study of Saudi Arabian Work Environment. Journal of Educational Psychology-Propositos y Representaciones, 8.
Amanchukwu, R. N., Stanley, G. J., & Ololube, N. P. (2015). A review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational management. Management, 5(1), 6-14.
Asrar-ul-Haq, M., & Kuchinke, K. P. (2016). Impact of leadership styles on employees’ attitude towards their leader and performance: Empirical evidence from Pakistani banks. Future Business Journal, 2(1), 54-64.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The leadership quarterly, 6(2), 199-218.
Basar, Z. M., Mansor, A. N., & Hamid, A. H. A. (2021). The role of transformational leadership in addressing job satisfaction issues among secondary school teachers. Creative Education, 12(8), 1939-1948.
Basit, A., Sebastian, V., & Hassan, Z. (2017). Impact of leadership style on employee performance (A Case study on a private organization in Malaysia). International Journal of Accounting & Business Management, 5(2), 112-130.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2010). The transformational model of leadership. Leading organizations: Perspectives for a new era, 2(1), 76-86.
Belkin, L. Y., Becker, W. J., & Conroy, S. A. (2020). The invisible leash: The impact of organizational expectations for email monitoring after-hours on employee resources, well-being, and turnover intentions. Group & Organization Management, 45(5), 709-740.
Belsky, J. (2017). A Quantitative Examination of the Relationship between Leadership Style and Employee Job Satisfaction in Registered Nurses in the Pittsburgh MSA Region. Liberty University.
Bowers, E. K. A. (2019). Transformational Leadership An Analysis of Effects on Employee Well-Being. Journal of Integrated Studies, 11(1).
Brahim, A. B., Ridic, O., & Jukic, T. (2015). The effect of transactional leadership on employees performance-case study of 5 Algerian banking institutions. Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, 13(2), 7-20.
Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International journal of hospitality management, 77, 64-75.
Burns Jr, W. A. (2017). A Descriptive Literature Review of Harmful Leadership Styles: Definitions, Commonalities, Measurements, Negative Impacts, and Ways to Improve These Harmful Leadership Styles. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 3(1), 33-52.
Burns, H., Diamond-Vaught, H., & Bauman, C. (2015). Leadership for sustainability: Theoretical foundations and pedagogical practices that foster change. International Journal of Leadership Studies.
Caillier, J. G. (2020). Testing the influence of autocratic leadership, democratic leadership, and public service motivation on citizen ratings of an agency head’s performance. Public Performance & Management Review, 43(4), 918-941.
Charter, R. A. (2003). Study samples are too small to produce sufficiently precise reliability coefficients. The Journal of General Psychology, 130(2), 117-129.
Chukwusa, J. (2018). Autocratic leadership style: Obstacle to success in academic libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1.
Chukwusa, J. (2019). Perceived democratic leadership style of university librarians and library staff work attitude. Library Philosophy and Practice, 0_1-23.
Cooper, C. L., & Cartwright, S. (2018). Healthy Mind; Healthy Organization—A Proactive Approach to Occupational Stress 1. In Managerial, occupational and organizational stress research (pp. 595-611). Routledge.
Copeland, M. K. (2014). The emerging significance of values based leadership: A literature review. International journal of leadership studies, 8(2), 105.
Cote, R. (2017). Vision of effective leadership. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(6), 1-10.
DeArmond, S., Bass, B. I., Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P., & Moore, J. T. (2018). Leadership and safety: The role of goal commitment. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 5(2), 182-198.
Ejimabo, N. O. (2015). The influence of decision making in organizational leadership and management activities. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 4(2), 2222-2839.
Erenel, F. (2015). The effect of path-goal leadership styles on work group performance: A research on jewellery industry in Istanbul. Journal of Management Marketing and Logistics, 2(4).
Ezeador, C. N., & Okpara, G. C. (2023). PHILOSOPHY AS A PANACEA FOR BUILDING RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP FOR STRONG EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA. PHILOSOPHIA POLITICA, 2(1).
Fiaz, M., Su, Q., Ikram, A., & Saqib, A. (2017). LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEES’MOTIVATION: PERSPECTIVE FROM AN EMERGING ECONOMY. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 143-156.
Gathungu, E. W., Iravo, D. M. A., & Namusonge, G. S. (2015). Transformational leadership and employee’s commitment: empirical review. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(7), 1-7.
Grint, K., Jones, O. S., Holt, C., & Storey, J. (2016). What is leadership? The Routledge companion to leadership, 3-20.
Hamidifar, F. (2010). A study of the relationship between leadership styles and employee job satisfaction at IAU in Tehran, Iran. Au-GSB e-Journal, 3(1).
Hamstra, M. R., Van Yperen, N. W., Wisse, B., & Sassenberg, K. (2014). Transformational and transactional leadership and followers’ achievement goals. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 413-425.
Hannah, S. T., Perez, A. L., Lester, P. B., & Quick, J. C. (2020). Bolstering workplace psychological well-being through transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 27(3), 222-240.
Haryanto, H., Suharman, H., Koeswayo, P. S., & Umar, H. (2022). Enhancing Employee Engagement in Indonesian Logistics and Forwarders Industry: The Moderating Role of a Democratic Leadership Style. Economies, 10(11), 284.
Henkel, T. G., Marion Jr, J. W., & Bourdeau, D. T. (2019). Project manager leadership behavior: Task-oriented versus relationship-oriented. Journal of Leadership Education, 18(2), 1.
Hilton, S. K., Arkorful, H., & Martins, A. (2021). Democratic leadership and organizational performance: the moderating effect of contingent reward. Management Research Review, 44(7), 1042-1058.
House, R. J. (1971). A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative science quarterly, 321-339.
House, R. J., & Mitchell, T. R. (1975). Path goal theory of leadership (pp. 75-67). Faculty of Management Studies, University of Toronto.
Ibrahim, A. U., & Daniel, C. O. (2019). Impact of leadership on organisational performance. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Research, 6(2), 367-374.
Iszatt-White, M., & Saunders, C. (2017). Leadership. Oxford University Press.
Kalu Dolly, C., & Okpokwasili Nonyelum, P. (2018). Impact of autocratic leadership style on job performance of subordinates in academic libraries in port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 6(10), 212-220.
Khuwaja, U., Ahmed, K., Abid, G., Adeel, A., & Wanasika, I. (2020). Leadership and employee attitudes: The mediating role of perception of organizational politics. Cogent Business & Management, 7 (1), 1–21.
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2020). Empowering leadership: leading people to be present through affective organizational commitment?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(16), 2017-2044.
Lahiri, K., Indrasena, B. S. H., & Aylott, J. (2021). Unprecedented times in the emergency department: are “board rounds” and leadership the missing links to improve patient flow?. Leadership in Health Services, 35(1), 74-90.
Lewin, M. A. (2014). Kurt Lewin: His psychology and a daughter's recollections. In Portraits of pioneers in psychology (pp. 105-118). Psychology Press.
Li, Z., Gupta, B., Loon, M., & Casimir, G. (2016). Combinative aspects of leadership style and emotional intelligence. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(1), 107-125.
Litano, M. L., & Major, D. A. (2016). Facilitating a whole-life approach
to career development: The role of organizational leadership. Journal of Career Development, 43(1), 52-65.
Lord, R. G., Day, D. V., Zaccaro, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Eagly, A. H. (2017). Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 434.
Luqman, R., Fatima, S., Ahmed, S., Khalid, I., & Bhatti, A. (2020). The impact of autocratic leadership style on counterproductive work behavior: the mediating role of employee commitment and moderating role of emotional exhaustion. Pollster Journal of Academic Research, 6(01), 22-47.
Lussier, B., Grégoire, Y., & Vachon, M. A. (2017). The role of humor usage on creativity, trust and performance in business relationships: An analysis of the salesperson-customer dyad. Industrial Marketing Management, 65, 168-181.
Malik, A. (2019). Creating competitive advantage through source basic capital strategic humanity in the industrial age 4.0. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 4(1), 209-215.
Malik, M. A., & Azmat, S. (2019). Leader and leadership: Historical development of the terms and critical review of literature. Annals of the University of Craiova for Journalism, Communication and Management, 5(1), 16-32.
Malik, S. H. (2013). Relationship between leader behaviors and employees' job satisfaction: A path-goal approach. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 7(1), 209-222.
Manoppo, V. P. (2020). Transformational leadership as a factor that decreases turnover intention: a mediation of work stress and organizational citizenship behavior. The TQM journal, 32(6), 1395-1412.
Maritz, M. (2021). Power in poverty: congregational leadership in a context of poverty (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State).
Martin, W. (2018). Leadership: Outdated theories and emerging non-traditional leadership (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two criteria for good measurements in research: Validity and reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 17(4), 59-82.
Nabella, S. D., Rivaldo, Y., Kurniawan, R., Nurmayunita, N., Sari, D. P., Luran, M. F., & Wulandari, K. (2022). The Influence of Leadership and Organizational Culture Mediated by Organizational Climate on Governance at Senior High School in Batam City. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(5), 119-130.
Paais, M., & Pattiruhu, J. R. (2020). Effect of motivation, leadership, and organizational culture on satisfaction and employee performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(8), 577-588.
Parra, Y. D. (2019). US Workers’ Compensation Program: Policy Issues and State Impact (Doctoral dissertation, University of La Verne).
Purwanto, A., Bernarto, I., Asbari, M., Wijayanti, L. M., & Hyun, C. C. (2020). Effect of transformational and transactional leadership style on public health centre performance. Journal of Research in Business, Economics, and Education, 2(1).
Putnam, H. (1966). What theories are not. In Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics (Vol. 44, pp. 240-251). Elsevier.
Qolo, M. W. (2018). The impact of people-focused leadership style on employee performance in project-based industries in the Cape Metropole (Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology).
Raza, S. A., & Sikandar, A. (2018). Impact of leadership style of teacher on the performance of students: An application of Hersey and Blanchard situational model. Bulletin of Education and Research, 40(3), 73-94.
Rojas, M., Méndez, A., & Watkins-Fassler, K. (2023). The hierarchy of needs empirical examination of Maslow’s theory and lessons for development. World Development, 165, 106185.
Shields, J., & Johns, R. (2016). Managing for engagement. Managing employee performance & reward: Concepts, practices, strategies, 18-52.
Shin, S. J., Yuan, F., & Zhou, J. (2017). When perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior: A sensemaking perspective. Journal of Organizational behavior, 38(1), 68-86.
Sibonde, A. H., & Dassah, M. O. (2021). The relationship between employee motivation and service quality: Case study of a selected municipality in the Western Cape province, South Africa. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 9(1), 12.
Silva, S., & Mendis, B. A. K. M. (2017). Relationship between transformational, transaction and laissez-faire leadership styles and employee commitment. European Journal of Business and Management, 9(7), 13-21.
Tannenbaum, R., & Schmidt, W. H. (2017). How to choose a leadership pattern. In Leadership perspectives (pp. 75-84). Routledge.
Thanh, N. H., & Quang, N. V. (2022). Transformational, transactional, laissez-faire leadership styles and employee engagement: Evidence from Vietnam’s public sector. Sage Open, 12(2), 21582440221094606.
Tzenios, N. (2019). The Impact of Health Literacy on Employee Productivity: An Empirical Investigation. Empirical Quests for Management Essences, 3(1), 21-33.
Ünler, E., & K?l?ç, B. (2019). Paternalistic leadership and employee organizational attitudes: the role of positive/negative affectivity. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019862665.
Veliu, L., Manxhari, M., Demiri, V., & Jahaj, L. (2017). THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON EMPLOYEE'S PERFORMANCE. Management (16487974), 31(2).
Vogelgesang, G. R., Leroy, H., & Avolio, B. J. (2013). The mediating effects of leader integrity with transparency in communication and work engagement/performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(3), 405-413.
Waldan, R. (2020). The effect of Leader Support and Competence to the Organizational Commitment on Employees Performance of Human Resources Development Agency in West Kalimantan. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan (JEBIK), 9(1), 31-49.
Yaslioglu, M. M., & Erden, N. S. (2018). Transformational leaders in action: Theory has been there, but what about practice?. IUP Journal of Business Strategy, 15(1), 42-53.
Zhang, Z., Jia, M., & Gu, L. (2014). Transformational leadership in crisis situations: evidence from the People's Republic of China. In Whither Chinese HRM? (pp. 143-167). Routledge.
Zhu, C. J., & Warner, M. (2019). The emergence of human resource management in China: Convergence, divergence and contextualization. Human Resource Management Review, 29(1), 87-97.
Zill, A., Knoll, M., Cook, A., & Meyer, B. (2020). When do followers compensate for leader silence? The motivating role of leader injustice. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 27(1), 65-79.
Downloads
Published
2025-02-28
How to Cite
Nwogbo, I. E., Jalloh, A. A., Nwosu, L. C., Onyibe, P. N., & Aigbiremhon, J. A. (2025). The Evaluation of Leadership Styles and their Effects on Employee Attitude: Evidence from a Manufacturing Company in South Eastern Nigeria. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 6(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems3230
Issue
Section
Articles
